College health centers are responding to the OTC status of ECP in a number of ways, primarily relating to their distribution procedures and advertising techniques.Įmergency Contraceptive Pill ( ECP) Use and Experiences at College Health Centers in the Mid-Atlantic United States: Changes since ECP Went Over-the-CounterĮRIC Educational Resources Information Center Major changes in ECP distribution and usage since ECP went OTC related primarily to protocol in ECP distribution, advertising for ECP services, and ECP accessibility to university students. Forty-three percent of schools reported distributing ECPs, for an average of 10.6 years. Data were collected via telephone survey with the use of a 42-item survey instrument. The sample included 135 college and university health centers in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Related issues, such as distribution procedure, existence of a written protocol, personnel involved, contraindications, follow-up procedures, methods of advertising, and staff attitudes, were examined. To investigate the availability of emergency contraceptive pills ( ECPs) at college health centers since ECP went over-the-counter (OTC) in 2006. A 25% reduction of the soluble EPS and a 37% reduction of the bound EPS concentrations in A/O- MBR compared with C- MBR was a major contributing factor for fouling retardation and the enhanced filtration capacity of the A/O- MBR.Įmergency contraceptive pill ( ECP) use and experiences at college health centers in the mid-Atlantic United States: changes since ECP went over-the-counter. Fouling trends of the MBRs showed 12, 14 and 20 days filtration cycles for C- MBR, MB- MBR and A/O- MBR, respectively. Due to the high removal of nitrogen, fewer protein contents were found in the soluble and bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of the A/O- MBR. The A/O- MBR showed the highest total nitrogen and phosphorus (PO4-P) removal efficiencies of 83.2 and 69.7%, respectively. However, pore blocking caused a major difference in the resultant water flux. The effect of cake layer formation in all three MBRs was almost the same. The treatment performance and fouling propensity of the MBRs were evaluated. Kaldnes(Â®) plastic media with 20% dry volume was used as a biofilm carrier in the MB- MBR and A/O- MBR. In this study, three laboratory scale submerged membrane bioreactors (MBRs) comprising a conventional MBR (C- MBR), moving bed MBR (MB- MBR) and anoxic-oxic MBR (A/O- MBR) were continuously operated with synthesized domestic wastewater (chemical oxygen demand, COD = 500 mg/L) for 150 days under similar operational and environmental conditions. Khan, Sher Jamal Ahmad, Aman Nawaz, Muhammad Saqib Hankins, Nicholas P Membrane fouling and performance evaluation of conventional membrane bioreactor ( MBR), moving biofilm MBR and oxic/anoxic MBR. Women would probably take advantage of emergency contraception if clinics advertised more about its availability. Such kits could include several condoms, a pack of Ovral to take in case of need after unprotected sexual intercourse, and information about taking ECPs. The article describes the creation and distribution of emergency contraception kits. Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, based in Philadelphia, manufactures pills containing norgestrel, the only pills which have been studied for use as ECPs. Emergency contraception supplies must then be obtained. A pilot project offering ECPs to selected clients could instead be implemented to get things going in settings where strong resistance is expected to ECPs. Once the clinician or clinicians have decided to offer ECPs in the clinic, background information on ECPs should be assembled and a protocol established for the clinic. Action must be taken both in the clinic and at the community level to make postcoital contraception a reality.

Deciding that one wants to use ECPs in any given clinic is, however, the first step toward making the contraceptive option available to women. Some clinicians are not sure whether they need emergency contraceptive pills ( ECPs) in their clinic. Promoting ECPs means opening your doors to reporters.

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